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Phalaris spp.
Botanical information
Phalaris aquatica: A perenniel plant, it grows to a height of 0.6m with a spread of 0.4 m. The stem is erect, stout and smooth; the leaves are long, flat, 1cm wide and grass-like, the flowers are pale green to beige, occurring in terminal panicles and appearing in early summer.
A native of Southern Europe, but distributed as pasture grass all over the world, it prefers moist soils with a minimum annual rainfall of 500mm, in a sunny position, and is frost resistant but drought tender.
Propagation is by seed or division. Plants are self sterile and need at least two plants grown from different seed to pollinate. Early seedlings are prone to infections and should not be transplanted for the first few months. This is especially troublesome with the AQ1 variety. We strongly suggest direct seeding of all varieties for better vigour.
There are many different varieties of Phalaris aquatica displaying some very different growth habits. AUSTRALIAN, SEEDMASTER, MARU and UNETA have vigorous growth only in spring and autumn, while SIROSA, HOLDFAST and their derivatives are autumn, winter and spring active. SIROCCO and EL GOLEA are summer dormant.
Variety HARDING (USA) was exported to Australia in 1884 and was renamed there as variety AUSTRALIA. The seed imported from Argentinia into New Zealand was named MARU but appears to be almost identical to AUSTRALIA. This is not surprising, as Phalaris grass was first introduced to Argentinia from Australia. SIROSA was bred in Australia from AUSTRALIAN and selected Italian strains. SIROCCO and EL GOLEA were developed in Australia from Moroccan strains for drought hardiness. SIROLAN is a derivative of SIROCCO. HOLDFAST and UNETA are derivatives of AUSTRALIAN.
Phalaris arundinacea: (Reed Canary Grass, Ribbon Grass) A perenniel plant, it grows to a height of 1.5m with a spread of 0.5 m. The stem is erect, stout and smooth; the leaves are long, flat, 2cm wide and reed-like, the flowers are pale green or purplish, occurring in terminal panicles and appearing in summer.
A native of Europe and North America, it prefers moist, wet soils in marshes or at the edges of ponds and river banks, and is frost resistant but drought tender.
Propagation is by seed or division. Plants are self sterile and need at least two plants grown from different seed to pollinate.
Traditional uses
No traditional uses of these plants are recorded. Use by Australian Aboriginees (as suggested by C. Raetsch) is unlikely as this species was only introduced to Australia in 1884 by Mr.R.R. Harding from sources in North America. It may possibly have arrived undocumented the year before directly from its native Italy.
Phalaris aquatica is recognised all over the world as a valuable and hardy pasture grass.
Pharmacology
Phalaris aquatica: The pharmacology of Phalaris aquatica varieties vary greatly. Generally present are the alkaloids DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and Gramine. Toxicology studies suggest, that this species has the highet alkaloid levels within the Phalaris genus. Internet sources claim alkaloid levels from 0.007% to 0.123% from dried material. The DMT component may range from 60% to 90% of total alkaloids, while 5-MeO-DMT ranges from about 5% to 30% of total alkaloids. The gramine content is generally very low. Gramine is quite toxic and may be responsible for most of the toxic effects possible from Phalaris ingestion. Phalaris staggers a toxic symptom observed in sheep grazing on poor pastures high in Phalaris is thought to be caused by extremely high alkaloid levels in an overall poor animal diet, although tests on normal sheep fed with alkaloid extracts, pure alkaloids and dried Phalaris hay did not produce any toxic symptoms. The theory of toxicity caused by fungus growing on the grass appears unlikely as Phalaris staggers are observed mostly in dry seasons (less than ideal climate for fungus development) and at times of poor pasture. All phalaris species can be induced to produce more alkaloids by stressing them. Stress can be in the form of clipping, shading or lack of water and should be applied for one to two weeks before taking samples.
The strain AQ1 was named by Giorgio Samorini who has done a lot of research in this field and it is derived from a plant which had an exceptionally high alkaloid content and high DMT to 5-MeO-DMT ratio. It has very poor seedling vigour though.
High alkaloid strains are: AQ1, AUSTRALIAN, SEEDMASTER, UNETA and HARDING.
Medium alkaloid strains are: MARU and EL GOLEA.
Low alkaloid strains are: SIROSA, SIROLAN, HOLDFAST and SIROCCO.
Phalaris brachystachys: The aerial parts contain up to 3% alkaloids of which n,n-dmt is the major constituent, with minor amounts of hordenine, gramine and bufotenine. This is often claimed to be the most promising species, but surprisingly very little research has been done on it in comparison to the other species.
Phalaris arundinacea: The pharmacology of Phalaris arundinacea varies greatly. Generally present are the alkaloids DMT, MMT, 5-MeO-DMT and Gramine. Gramine is quite toxic and may be responsible for most of the toxic effects possible from Phalaris ingestion. All phalaris species can be induced to produce more alkaloids by stressing them.
Stress can be in the form of clipping, shading or lack of water and should be applied for one to two weeks before taking samples.
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Botanical information
Phalaris aquatica: A perenniel plant, it grows to a height of 0.6m with a spread of 0.4 m. The stem is erect, stout and smooth; the leaves are long, flat, 1cm wide and grass-like, the flowers are pale green to beige, occurring in terminal panicles and appearing in early summer.
A native of Southern Europe, but distributed as pasture grass all over the world, it prefers moist soils with a minimum annual rainfall of 500mm, in a sunny position, and is frost resistant but drought tender.
Propagation is by seed or division. Plants are self sterile and need at least two plants grown from different seed to pollinate. Early seedlings are prone to infections and should not be transplanted for the first few months. This is especially troublesome with the AQ1 variety. We strongly suggest direct seeding of all varieties for better vigour.
There are many different varieties of Phalaris aquatica displaying some very different growth habits. AUSTRALIAN, SEEDMASTER, MARU and UNETA have vigorous growth only in spring and autumn, while SIROSA, HOLDFAST and their derivatives are autumn, winter and spring active. SIROCCO and EL GOLEA are summer dormant.
Variety HARDING (USA) was exported to Australia in 1884 and was renamed there as variety AUSTRALIA. The seed imported from Argentinia into New Zealand was named MARU but appears to be almost identical to AUSTRALIA. This is not surprising, as Phalaris grass was first introduced to Argentinia from Australia. SIROSA was bred in Australia from AUSTRALIAN and selected Italian strains. SIROCCO and EL GOLEA were developed in Australia from Moroccan strains for drought hardiness. SIROLAN is a derivative of SIROCCO. HOLDFAST and UNETA are derivatives of AUSTRALIAN.
Phalaris arundinacea: (Reed Canary Grass, Ribbon Grass) A perenniel plant, it grows to a height of 1.5m with a spread of 0.5 m. The stem is erect, stout and smooth; the leaves are long, flat, 2cm wide and reed-like, the flowers are pale green or purplish, occurring in terminal panicles and appearing in summer.
A native of Europe and North America, it prefers moist, wet soils in marshes or at the edges of ponds and river banks, and is frost resistant but drought tender.
Propagation is by seed or division. Plants are self sterile and need at least two plants grown from different seed to pollinate.
Traditional uses
No traditional uses of these plants are recorded. Use by Australian Aboriginees (as suggested by C. Raetsch) is unlikely as this species was only introduced to Australia in 1884 by Mr.R.R. Harding from sources in North America. It may possibly have arrived undocumented the year before directly from its native Italy.
Phalaris aquatica is recognised all over the world as a valuable and hardy pasture grass.
Pharmacology
Phalaris aquatica: The pharmacology of Phalaris aquatica varieties vary greatly. Generally present are the alkaloids DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and Gramine. Toxicology studies suggest, that this species has the highet alkaloid levels within the Phalaris genus. Internet sources claim alkaloid levels from 0.007% to 0.123% from dried material. The DMT component may range from 60% to 90% of total alkaloids, while 5-MeO-DMT ranges from about 5% to 30% of total alkaloids. The gramine content is generally very low. Gramine is quite toxic and may be responsible for most of the toxic effects possible from Phalaris ingestion. Phalaris staggers a toxic symptom observed in sheep grazing on poor pastures high in Phalaris is thought to be caused by extremely high alkaloid levels in an overall poor animal diet, although tests on normal sheep fed with alkaloid extracts, pure alkaloids and dried Phalaris hay did not produce any toxic symptoms. The theory of toxicity caused by fungus growing on the grass appears unlikely as Phalaris staggers are observed mostly in dry seasons (less than ideal climate for fungus development) and at times of poor pasture. All phalaris species can be induced to produce more alkaloids by stressing them. Stress can be in the form of clipping, shading or lack of water and should be applied for one to two weeks before taking samples.
The strain AQ1 was named by Giorgio Samorini who has done a lot of research in this field and it is derived from a plant which had an exceptionally high alkaloid content and high DMT to 5-MeO-DMT ratio. It has very poor seedling vigour though.
High alkaloid strains are: AQ1, AUSTRALIAN, SEEDMASTER, UNETA and HARDING.
Medium alkaloid strains are: MARU and EL GOLEA.
Low alkaloid strains are: SIROSA, SIROLAN, HOLDFAST and SIROCCO.
Phalaris brachystachys: The aerial parts contain up to 3% alkaloids of which n,n-dmt is the major constituent, with minor amounts of hordenine, gramine and bufotenine. This is often claimed to be the most promising species, but surprisingly very little research has been done on it in comparison to the other species.
Phalaris arundinacea: The pharmacology of Phalaris arundinacea varies greatly. Generally present are the alkaloids DMT, MMT, 5-MeO-DMT and Gramine. Gramine is quite toxic and may be responsible for most of the toxic effects possible from Phalaris ingestion. All phalaris species can be induced to produce more alkaloids by stressing them.
Stress can be in the form of clipping, shading or lack of water and should be applied for one to two weeks before taking samples.
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